Ancient Man and His First Civilizations
Anatolia-3
Modern Turkey
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Following the White invasion of Greece (and before in Eastern Europe), many of the original Black populations of these areas fled to Anatolia for safety. Among them were the Pelasgians, the Achaeans, and the Mycenaeans, (the Achaeans may have been a sub-group of the Pelasgians, whereas the Mycenaeans were associated with Crete). The White Greeks were late in developing a system of recording events as they happened, thus the records of events, and the peoples of those times, are left to Greek myth.
As is typical with history, as told by White people; once it is known that Whites inhabited an area, then ALL the people of that area "magically" become White, as well as all those that were there before; and then they set about making bogus statues and artifacts (including coins) to prove it.
Consequently, it is impossible to determine the real demographics of Western Anatolia during the first millennium B.C. All that can be safely said, is that Blacks from mainland Southern Europe, Eastern Europe, and some Aegean Islands (not limited to the Sea Peoples Exodus), fled to Anatolia to escape the advancing Whites. And later, Whites followed them there, (Ionians settled in Miletus at about 1,000 B.C.).
All the while, keeping in mind that these were not vacant lands, Black people were undoubtedly living there before the refuges arrived. So exactly what the racial makeup of the Aeolian, Ionian, and Doric areas of Western Anatolia were, cannot be ascertained. But these coins tell us that by the middle of the first millennia B.C, Blacks still held the Kingship in many areas of Western Anatolia.
Coins from the Island of Lesbos, circa 500 - 550 B.C.
The name Armenian may be the result of Persian or Greek confusion of them with the Aramaeans of the Aram kingdom. Though most think the Ancient Armenians (not the current Turkish people), to have been from the Indus Valley, there is the possibility that they may in fact have been ethnically Amorite's (Aramaeans). Another very real possibility is that they were Colchian refuges, who because of the many invasions that land suffered, may have decided to move to safer lands in the south, where there was as yet no Whites.
Colchis is an ancient region at the eastern end of the Black Sea, south of the Caucasus mountains in the western part of modern Georgia. It consisted of the valley of the Phasis (modern Riuni) River. In Greek mythology Colchis was the home of Medea and the destination of the Argonauts, a land of fabulous wealth and the domain of sorcery. Colchis was later colonized by Milesian Greeks to whom the native Colchians supplied gold, slaves, hides, linen cloth, agricultural produce, and such shipbuilding materials as timber, flax, pitch, and wax.
(De Arabieren, zoals de Berbers, waren dol op blanke vrouwen, met name Turkse blanke vrouwen. Hun harems waren altijd goed gevuld met hen. Zelfs de bedoeïnen in de woestijn, had de Turkse vrouwen!)
The ethnic composition of the Colchians, as described by Herodotus, was Egyptian. Remnants of the army of Senusret I, (Greek Sesostris), who was the second king of the 12th Dynasty and had ascended to the throne after the murder of his father Amenemhet I. After the 6th century B.C, they lived under the nominal suzerainty of Persia and passed into the kingdom of Mithradates VI, (1st century B.C.), and then under the rule of Rome. They united with Lazica in the 4th century A.D, and constituted an important buffer state between the Sassanian Persian and Byzantine empires. In the late 8th century A.D, Colchis was attached to Abasgia, which in turn was incorporated into Russian Georgia.
Herodotus on Colchis
Passing over these monarchs, therefore, I shall speak of the king who reigned next, whose name was Sesostris. He, the priests said, first of all proceeded in a fleet of ships of war from the Arabian gulf along the shores of the Erythraean sea, subduing the nations as he went, until he finally reached a sea which could not be navigated by reason of the shoals. Hence he returned to Egypt, where, they told me, he collected a vast armament, and made a progress by land across the continent, conquering every people which fell in his way.
In the countries where the natives withstood his attack, and fought gallantly for their liberties, he erected pillars, on which he inscribed his own name and country, and how that he had here reduced the inhabitants to subjection by the might of his arms: where, on the contrary, they submitted readily and without a struggle, he inscribed on the pillars, in addition to these particulars, an emblem to mark that they were a nation of women, that is, unwarlike and effeminate. [2.103] In this way he traversed the whole continent of Asia, whence he passed on into Europe, and made himself master of Scythia and of Thrace, beyond which countries I do not think that his army extended its march. For thus far the pillars which he erected are still visible, but in the remoter regions they are no longer found.
Returning to Egypt from Thrace, he came, on his way, to the banks of the river Phasis. Here I cannot say with any certainty what took place. Either he of his own accord detached a body of troops from his main army and left them to colonise the country, or else a certain number of his soldiers, wearied with their long wanderings, deserted, and established themselves on the banks of this stream. [2.104] There can be no doubt that the Colchians are an Egyptian race. Before I heard any mention of the fact from others, I had remarked it myself. After the thought had struck me, I made inquiries on the subject both in Colchis and in Egypt, and I found that the Colchians had a more distinct recollection of the Egyptians, than the Egyptians had of them. Still the Egyptians said that they believed the Colchians to be descended from the army of Sesostris. My own conjectures were founded, first, on the fact that they are black-skinned and have woolly hair, which certainly amounts to but little, since several other nations are so too; but further and more especially, on the circumstance that the Colchians, the Egyptians, and the Ethiopians and (Nubians), are the only nations who have practised circumcision from the earliest times.
The Phoenicians and the Syrians of Palestine themselves confess that they learnt the custom of the Egyptians; and the Syrians who dwell about the rivers Thermodon and Parthenius, as well as their neighbours the Macronians, say that they have recently adopted it from the Colchians. Now these are the only nations who use circumcision, and it is plain that they all imitate herein the Egyptians. With respect to the Ethiopians, indeed, I cannot decide whether they learnt the practice of the Egyptians, or the Egyptians of them - it is undoubtedly of very ancient date in Ethiopia - but that the others derived their knowledge of it from Egypt is clear to me from the fact that the Phoenicians, when they come to have commerce with the Greeks, cease to follow the Egyptians in this custom, and allow their children to remain uncircumcised.[2.105] I will add a further proof to the identity of the Egyptians and the Colchians. These two nations weave their linen in exactly the same way, and this is a way entirely unknown to the rest of the world; they also in their whole mode of life and in their language resemble one another.
The Colchian linen is called by the Greeks Sardinian, while that which comes from Egypt is known as Egyptian. [2.106] The pillars which Sesostris erected in the conquered countries have for the most part disappeared; but in the part of Syria called Palestine, I myself saw them still standing, with the writing above-mentioned, and the emblem distinctly visible. In Ionia also, there are two representations of this prince engraved upon rocks, one on the road from Ephesus to Phocaea, the other between Sardis and Smyrna. In each case the figure is that of a man, four cubits and a span high, with a spear in his right hand and a bow in his left, the rest of his costume being likewise half Egyptian, half Ethiopian. There is an inscription across the breast from shoulder to shoulder, in the sacred character of Egypt, which says, "With my own shoulders I conquered this land." The conqueror does not tell who he is, or whence he comes, though elsewhere Sesostris records these facts. Hence it has been imagined by some of those who have seen these forms, that they are figures of Memnon; but such as think so err very widely from the truth.
Armenia Continued
For the sake of conformity however, let us accept ancient Armenians as being from the Indus Valley. At its height, Armenia extended from the south-central Black Sea coast to the Caspian Sea and from the Mediterranean Sea to Lake Urmia in present-day Iran. The original Armenians, probably a Dravidian people fleeing the Arian invaders in Pakistan, first appear in history shortly after the end of the 7th century B.C. After driving out some of the ancient populations to the east of Mount Ararat, (Namely Urartians), the invaders imposed their leadership over regions which, although suffering from Scythian and Cimmerian attacks, still had retained elements of a high degree of civilization, (e.g., walled cities, irrigation works, and arable fields).
The Hayk, as the Armenians name themselves, were not able to achieve the power and independence of their predecessors (Hatti, Urartians), and were first rapidly incorporated by King Cyaxares into the Median empire and then annexed with Media by King Cyrus II, to form part of the Achaemenian Persia Empire (550 B.C.). The country is mentioned as Armina and Armaniya in the Bisitun inscription of Darius I (522 B.C.), and according to Herodotus, formed part of the 13th satrapy (province) of Persia; the Alarodioi forming part of the 18th. Xenophon's Anabasis, recounting the adventures of Greek mercenaries in Persia; describes the local government of Armenia, at about 400 B.C, as being in the hands of village headmen, part of whose tribute to the Persian king, consisting of horses. Armenia continued to be governed by Persian or native satraps until its absorption into the Macedonian empire of Alexander the Great (331 B.C.) and its successor, the Seleucid empire (301 B.C.).
The Seleucids
Antiochus III - the Great, (ruled 222–187 B.C.), became the 6th ruler of the Seleucid Empire at about eighteen years of age in 223 B.C. Antiochus defeated forces lead by King Scopas of Aetolia at the Battle of Panium in 198 B.C. Antiochus then moved to Asia Minor to secure the coastal towns which had belonged to the Greek overseas dominions and it's independent Greek cities. This enterprise brought him into antagonism with Rome when the Greek cities of Smyrna and Lampsacus appealed to Rome for help. The tension became greater after Antiochus had in 196 B.C, established a footing in Thrace. The evacuation of Greece by the Romans gave Antiochus an opportunity to continue his expansion, and he now had the fugitive Phoenician General Hannibal, at his court urging him on.
Antiochus invaded Greece In 192 B.C, with a 10,000 man army, and was elected the commander in chief of the Aetolians. In 191 B.C. however, the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae, and obliged him to withdraw back to Asia. The Romans followed up their success by attacking Antiochus in Anatolia, and the decisive victory of Scipio Asiaticus at Magnesia (190 B.C.), together with the defeat of Hannibal at sea, off Side (on the Pamphylian coast), delivered Asia Minor into their hands. The following pictures are of subjects of the Persian Empire, as shown by relief's at Apanada, the Palace of Darius the great at the capital of Persepolis.
See: Additional Material Menu - for more on Persepolis, Apadana, and pictures of the people of the Persian Empire.
The Artaxiads
After the defeat of the Seleucid king Antiochus III, his two Armenian satraps, Artaxias (Artashes I) and Zariadres (Zareh), established themselves with Roman consent, as kings of Greater Armenia and Sophene respectively, thus becoming the creators of an independent Armenia. Artashes I (a Persian name) built his capital called Artashat, on the Aras River near modern Yerevan. The Greek geographer Strabo names the capital of Sophene as Carcathiocerta. Not much is known of Artashes I reign, but his love life is part of Armenian legend.
Artashes and Satenik
Satenik was the name of the Alan (White Scythian tribe) princess who married Artashes I, the king of Armenia. Their love story, known as Artashes and Satenik, is presented by the fifth century Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi in his History of Armenia. Movses noted that the story, which he directly quotes from, was a well-known epic during his time among the common people of Armenia, as told by traveling storytellers and minstrels. Satenik is a popular feminine name among Armenians today.
The invasion of the Kingdom of Armenia by the Alans during the reign of King Artashes I (189-160 B.C.) serves as the backdrop of the romantic tale between Artashes and Satenik. Following their conquering of the lands of Georgia, the Alans moved further southwards, crossing the Kur River and effectively, into Armenia. Artashes gathered a large force to meet the Alanian threat and a fierce war took place between the two sides. Resulting in the capture of the young son of the Alanian king. The Alanians were forced to retreat back to the the Kur river, and there they set up a base camp on the northern side of the river. Meanwhile, Artashes' army pursued them and established their camp on the southern side of the Kur.
The Alanian king asked for an eternal peace treaty to be concluded between his people and the Armenians and promised to give Artashes anything he wanted, so long as he would release his son, but the Armenian king refused to do so. At this time, Satenik came near the shore and, through an interpreter, called on Artashes to release her brother:
I speak to you, oh brave Artashes, For you have defeated the brave Alan people; Come, listen, to the bright-eyed Alan princess And return the youthFor it is unbecoming of heroes To destroy the liveliness of other great warriors Or to take and keep them in enslavement, So that two valiant peoples Are consigned to perpetual enmity.
Hearing these words, Artashes traveled down to the river and upon seeing Satenik, was immediately captivated by her beauty. Artashes called on one of his close military commanders, Smbat Bagratuni, and confessing his desire for Satenik, expressed his willingness to conclude the treaty with the Alans and ordered Smbat to bring her to him. Smbat dispatched messengers to the Alanian king, who gave the following reply:
And from where shall the brave Artashes give Thousands upon thousands and tens of thousands upon tens of thousands To the Alan people in return for their maiden?
Artashes remained undaunted and instead sought to abduct Satenik since bride abductions were considered more honorable during this period than formal acquiescence:
King Artashes mounted his handsome black horse, And taking out a red leather rope studded with golden rings, And crossing the river like a sharp-winged eagle, And throwing his red leather rope studded with golden rings, Cast it upon the waist of the Alanian maiden, And this hurt the delicate maiden's waist, Quickly taking her back to his camp.
Following Satenik's abduction, Artashes agreed to pay to the Alans vast amounts of gold and red leather, the latter of which, was highly valued material among the Alans. With this, the two kings concluded a peace treaty and a lavish and magnificent wedding took place. Movses stated that during the wedding a golden shower rained down
on Artashes and a "pearl shower" rained down on Satenik. It was a popular tradition among the Armenian kings, according to Movses, to stand in front of the entrance of a temple and drop money from above his head and to shower the queen's bedroom with pearls. They had six sons: Artavasdes (Artavazd), Vruyr, Mazhan, Zariadres (Zareh), Tiran and Tigranes (Tigran).
Tigranes II (The Great)
An attempt to end the division of Armenia was made at about 165 B.C, when an Artaxiad ruler sought to suppress his rival, the attempt failed however, and it was left to his descendant Tigranes II (95 B.C.) to establish, by his conquest of Sophene, a unity that was to last almost 500 years. Under Tigranes, Armenia ascended to a pinnacle of power unique in its history and became, albeit briefly, the strongest state in the Roman east. Extensive territories were taken from the kingdom of Parthia in Iran, which was compelled to sign a treaty of alliance. Iberia (Georgia), Albania, and Atropatene had already accepted Tigranes' suzerainty when the Aramaeans, tired of anarchy, offered him their crown (83 B.C.). And with that, Tigranes penetrated as far south as Canaan. Armenian culture at the time of Tigranes was Persian, as it had been, and as it was fundamentally to remain for many centuries.
The Armenian empire lasted until Tigranes became involved in a struggle between his father-in-law, Mithradates VI of Pontus and Rome. The Roman general Lucius captured Tigranocerta, Tigranes' new capital in 69 B.C, but He failed to reach Artashat. But in 66 B.C, the legions of Pompey, aided by one of Tigranes' sons, succeeded in reaching Artashat. Tigrane was compelled to give up Syria and other conquests in the south, and to become an ally of Rome. Armenia thus became a buffer state, and often a battlefield between Rome and Parthia. Maneuvering between these two larger neighbors, the Armenians gained a reputation for deviousness. The Roman historian Tacitus called them an ambigua gens (“ambiguous people”).
The Eurasian Invasion - Arrival of the Turks Armenia did not begin to take on it's modern White Turkish identity, until the 1,100s A.D. By the time of the invasions of the Turkish Seljuq peoples in the 11th century A.D, the Black Armenian kingdoms had already been destroyed from the west. The province of Taron had been annexed to the Byzantine Empire in 968 A.D, and the expansionist policy of the Byzantine emperor Basil II, finally extinguished Armenian independence.
The possessions of David of Tayq were annexed in 1000 A.D, and the kingdom of Vaspurakan in 1022 A.D. In the latter year, the Bagratid king of Ani, Yovhannes-Smbat, was compelled to make the Roman emperor heir to his estates, and in 1045 A.D, despite the resistance of Gagik II, Ani was seized by the Roman Constantine IX. The Byzantine conquest was however short-lived: in 1048 A.D, The Turks arrived, Toghrïl Beg led the first Seljuq Turk raid into Armenia in 1064 A.D.
Ani and Kars fell to Toghrïl's nephew and heir Alp-Arslan, and after the Battle of Manzikert (1071 A.D.), most of the country was in Turkish hands. In 1072 A.D, the Kurdish Shaddadids received Ani as a fiefdom. A few native Black Armenian rulers survived for a time in the Kiurikian kingdom of Lori, the Siuniqian kingdom of Baghq or Kapan, and the principates of Khachen (Artzakh) and Sasun. In the 12th century A.D, many former Armenian regions became parts of Georgia, and between 1236 and 1242 A.D, the whole of Armenia and Georgia fell into the hands of the Mongols. Soon the Turkish Ottoman Empire will raise; below is a short history of the Turks.
Today, there are few Pure Anatolians left in modern Turkey.
The Turks
Turks are Eurasians who may be any of various peoples whose members speak languages belonging to the Turkic subfamily of the Altaic family of languages. They are historically and linguistically connected with the T'u-chüeh, the name given by the Chinese to the nomadic people who in the 6th century A.D. founded an empire stretching from Mongolia and the northern frontier of China to the Black Sea. With some exceptions, notably in the European part of Turkey and in the Volga region, the Turkic peoples are confined to Asia. Their most important cultural link, aside from history and language, is that with Islam, for with the exception of the Sakha (Yakut) of eastern Siberia and the Chuvash of the Volga region of Russia, they are all Muslim.
The Turkic peoples may be divided into two main groups: the western and the eastern.
The western group includes the Turkic peoples of southeastern Europe and those of southwestern Asia inhabiting Anatolia (Turkey) and northwestern Iran. The eastern group comprises the Turkic peoples of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, and the Uighur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang in China.
Turkic peoples display a great variety of ethnic types.Little is known about the origins of the Turkic peoples, and much of their history even up to the time of the Mongol conquests in the 10th–13th A.D. is shrouded in obscurity. Chinese documents of the 6th century A.D. refer to the empire of the T'u-chu (um leh) as consisting of two parts, the northern and western Turks. This empire submitted to the nominal suzerainty of the Chinese T'ang dynasty in the 7th century, but the northern Turks regained their independence in 682 and retained it until 744 A.D.
The Orhon inscriptions, the oldest known Turkic records (8th century A.D.), refer to this empire and particularly to the confederation of Turkic tribes known as the Oguz; to the Uighur, who lived along the Selenga River (in present-day Mongolia); and to the Kyrgyz, who lived along the Yenisey River (in north-central Russia). When able to escape the domination of the T'ang dynasty, these northern Turkic groups fought each other for control of Mongolia from the 8th to the 11th century, when the Oguz migrated westward into Persia and Afghanistan.
In Persia the family of Oguz tribes known as Seljuqs created an empire that by the late 11th century stretched from the Amu Darya south to the Persian Gulf and from the Indus River west to the Mediterranean Sea.
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zie ook;
Charlotte van Mecklenburg-Strelitz
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